Debian GNU/Linux

Úvod

Intro

Debian GNU/Linux is a complete Operating System (OS) for your computer. And it is free (as in "freedom").

An operating system is the set of basic programs and utilities that make your computer run. At the core of an operating system is the kernel. The kernel is the most fundamental program on the computer, which does all the basic housekeeping and lets you start other programs. Debian is kernel independent. It currently uses the Linux kernel but work is in progress to provide Debian for other kernels, using the Hurd. Most of the basic operating system tools come from the GNU project; hence the name GNU/Linux.

Debian is available for various kinds of computers ("architectures"), like "IBM-compatible" PCs (i386), Compaq's Alpha, Motorola's 680x0 (m68k), Sun's Sparc, Motorola/IBM's PowerPC, and (Strong)ARM processors. Check the ports page for more information.

Odkiaľ môžem si zohnať cd debiana

`CD Manufacturers`

You are completely free to manufacture and (re-)distribute CD-ROMs of the Debian GNU/Linux Operating System, like this one. There is no charge from us (but of course donations are always welcome).

For all needed information and contact addresses, please refer to

http://www.debian.org/CD/

Použitie Dselect a Apt

`Using CDs with Dselect and Apt`

After installing or upgrading, Debian's packaging system can use CD-ROMs, local collections, or networked servers (FTP, HTTP) to automatically install software from (.deb packages). This is done preferably with the `apt' and `dselect' programs. If you do not already know how to setup these, here is a brief explanation.

First of all, comment out every line of /etc/apt/sources.list by placing a hash sign (`#') in front of it (if it isn't already there).

Then you need to add new "deb" lines describing the location(s) where apt will get the new packages from. You can add "deb" lines for a packages mirror on a local harddisk, and/or FTP/HTTP mirrors, and/or (a set of) CD-ROMs. `Apt' will consider all packages that can be found via any "deb" line, and use the one with the highest version number, giving priority to the first mentioned lines. (So, in case of multiple mirror locations, you'd typically first name a local harddisk, then CD-ROMs, and finally FTP/HTTP mirrors.)

For a local archive (or a single mounted CD-ROM), that for example has these directories,
```
  /var/ftp/debian/dists/potato/main/binary-i386/...
  /var/ftp/debian/dists/potato/contrib/binary-i386/...
  ---------------       ------     |\ 
        \________          \_      | \___
add:             \           \     |     \ 
           --------------- ------  |      \ 
  deb file:/var/ftp/debian potato main contrib
```
As shown, the `dists' is added implicitly, and the 3rd,... arguments are used to expand the path into multiple directories. If you have a complete mirror that also has non-free and non-US, you typically have to add lines like these: deb file:/var/ftp/debian potato main contrib non-free deb file:/var/ftp/debian-non-US potato/non-US main contrib non-free If you don't have such a structure, other description lines are possible, see the sources.list manpage.

FTP or HTTP packages mirror addresses can be found on this CD in README.mirrors.html, or on http://www.debian.org/distrib/ftplist, look at the "Full list of mirrors". If the mirror has these directories: ftp://some-server/debian/dists/potato/main/binary-i386/... ftp://some-server/debian/dists/potato/contrib/binary-i386/... ------------------------ ------ | | \___ / | | add: \ / | | ------------------------ ------ | | deb ftp://some-server/debian potato main contrib As shown, the `dists' is added implicitly, and the 3rd,... arguments are used to expand the path into multiple directories. If you use a complete mirror that also has non-free and non-US, you typically have to add lines like these: deb ftp://some-server/debian potato main contrib non-free deb ftp://some-server/debian-non-US potato/non-US main contrib non-free If the mirror doesn't have such a structure, other description lines are possible, see the sources.list manpage. In case of upgrading from a set of CD-ROMs (also possible for a single, unmounted CD-ROM), do _not_ add any lines to sources.list manually. Instead, first make sure there is a line in /etc/fstab that connects the /cdrom mount point with your CD-ROM drive (the exact `/cdrom' mount point is "required" for apt). For example, if /dev/hdc is your CD-ROM drive, /etc/fstab should contain a line /dev/hdc /cdrom auto defaults,noauto,ro 0 0 To test this, insert a CD-ROM and give commands mount /cdrom ls -alF /cdrom (this should show the CD-ROM's root directory) umount /cdrom Then, use the command apt-cdrom add to add the data of each individual CD-ROM to apt's internal database. This command will ask for one CD-ROM per run, and mount/unmount the CD-ROM automatically. You should repeat this command for all 2.2 `Binary' CD-ROMs you have.

The final step of the preparation is to update apt's internal database with the command

apt-get update

Once this is done, you can install packages from the commandline using apt-get. For example, if you want to install the packages `commprog' and `maxgame', you can give the command

apt-get install commprog maxgame

Note that you don't have to enter the complete path, or the `.deb' extension. `Apt' will figure this out itself.

`Dselect' is also able to use `apt' to fetch the packages. To set up `dselect', choose [A]ccess in the main menu, and then select `apt'. The sources.list file should be okay already, so don't let the program make a new one. Then, after an [U]pdate, the configuration is ready. You can just keep using [S]elect and [I]nstall to install packages.

See dselect's online help screens for more information (use the `?' key).